Subject: Mass-Media
and communication
Roll No: 14
Topic: Mass Communication and Media
Studies: An Introduction
Introduction:
Journalism is the
production and distribution of reports on the interaction of events, facts, ideas,
and people that are the “news of the day” and that inform society to at least some degree. The word
applies to the occupation
(professional or not), the methods of gathering information, and the organizing
literary styles. Journalistic media include: print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, newsreels.
Concepts of the appropriate role
for journalism vary between countries. In some nations, the news media is
controlled by a government intervention, and is not a fully independent body. In others, the news media is
independent from the government but the profit
motive is in tension with constitutional protections of freedom of the press. Access to freely
available information gathered by independent and competing journalistic
enterprises with transparent editorial standards can enable citizens to
effectively participate in the political process. In the United States,
journalism is protected by the freedom of the press clause in the First
Amendment.
The most important thing to understand about
journalism is that its entire purpose is to serve the citizens,all the citizens,of a democratic society. When you keep that in mind,
you can better understand some of the more specific roles journalism plays.
Journalist’s first obligation is to the truth.
When
citizens have reliable access to information that they can trust is truthful
(not outright lies or propaganda), they can make better decisions and better
govern themselves. For example, citizens should be able to rely on journalists
to provide them with truthful information about candidates so they can decide
who to vote for. The same goes for all aspects of our lives in which we make
decisions, whether it's when we're buying a car, choosing a school, or even
just deciding on a movie to see.
Other important roles journalism
fulfils are to, "serve as an independent monitor of power" and
"offer a voice to the voiceless." Powerful people often try to get
away with bad things. If journalists weren't there to expose them, those
powerful people would just get away with it. On the other hand, most of the
people in this world aren't powerful, but their perspectives and
stories are still important. Journalists can be the ones to find those
powerless people and give them a voice.
Development and characteristics of
Journalism :-
Around 130 B.C. in Rome there grew a
Practice of putting up two hand written bulletins were known as 'Acta
Durna'.this was Probably the first news paper, dealing with events rather than
views.
origin of modern western style Journalism
may be traced back to Occasional news book of 17th Century England which events
which had no headlines and large type of letters were used. from 1720 Onward
news and views were kept Separate. industrial Revolution brought in so many
profitable advertisements that news gradually began to be Published into the
inside Pages. views into the expressed more widely in Pamphlets as
"Essay" like those of addision and steels in 'The Spector
Definition of Journalism:-
words
'Journal', 'journalist' their origin in french word 'Journal' meaning a book
and it has it's origin in turn in the Roman word "Durnails' meaning daily.
journalism is instant history, an account of history as it is made.
journalism
is report of things as they appear at the moment of writing not a definitive
study of a situation .
journalism is contemporary report of changing scene intended to inform
readers of what is happening around them. in the modern times, journalism
has been turned into a business and an industry.
its main function is to carry different kinds of advertisements that help it to
be financially viable and Politically indipendent it's other functions
include reporting local , national and inernational news and offering
interpretation and Opinions into a business venture, the fundamental function
remains to tell readers to advertisers.
besides, it aims at encluding and entertaining it's
readers so that they can participate fully in the affairs as well.
Types of Journalism :-
journalism helps to explain the
events that impact our lives and is developed in a number of forms and styles
uses different techniques and writes for different purpose and audiences. so
journalism can be categorized into several types as enlisted below.
1.
Advocacy Journalism
2.
Broadcast Journalism
3.
Investigative Journalism
4.
Tabloid Journalism
5.
Yellow Journalism
- Advocacy Journalism
The origins of advocacy
journalism are somewhat obscure. Interestingly, the NAACP's official magazine,
The Crisis, founded in 1910, claims to have its origin in advocacy writings of
the early 1800's.
Today, examples of advocacy journalism
are ubiquitous. One of the clearest examples of this can be found in the
published materials from major American political parties, where information is
discussed from the particular party's point of view and bias, with the intent
of influencing public opinion. Certain types of investigative reporting can be
considered as advocacy journalism. Current events, especially those that are
potentially divisive, also provide an abundance of subject material for advocacy
journalism. Presently or recently popular topics such as the use of hydraulic
fracturing ("fracking") in hydrocarbon exploration, the causes of
global climate change and the direction of public policy with regard to a
potential Ebola epidemic are all examples of good fodder materials for advocacy
journalism.
Critics of advocacy journalism argue
that the biased content produced lacks objectivity and can prejudice the
public. Some journalists reject this notion, suggesting that pure objectivity
is difficult to achieve. They would argue that receiving information from
several sources, with different points of view, is incumbent on the consumer of
journalistic content. Other journalists, however, reject this view and maintain
that it is the writer's obligation to be objective, explicitly point out bias
and opinion, and let the reader decide how to interpret the information.
2.
Broadcast Journalism
Broadcast journalism is the field of news and journals which are
"broadcast", that is, published by electrical methods instead of the
older methods, such as printed newspapers and posters. Broadcast methods
include radio (via air, cable, and Internet), television (via air, cable, and
Internet) and the World Wide Web. Such media disperse pictures (static and moving),
visual text and sounds.
Scripts for broadcast tend to be
written differently from text to be read by the public. For instance, the
former is generally less complex and more conversational. Radio and television
are designed to be seen and heard sooner and more often than a daily or weekly.
3.
Investigative Journalism
Investigative journalism
can be defined a type of journalism that tries to discover information of
public interest that someone is trying to hide.
It also includes serious
crimes, Political corruption or corporate wrongdoing an investigative
journalist may spend months or years researching and preparing a report.
4.
Tabloid Journalism
Print media has played a very important role in Western
history, particularly in places like England and the United States. In American
history, for example, the ability to communicate through newspapers helped
American colonists form a national identity and spread ideas about revolution.
For nearly as long as print media has existed in the hands of private industry,
the desire to sell more papers has encouraged a degree of sensationalism. True
tabloid journalism, as we know it however, begins in the late 19th century.
tabloid first described a small and condensed newspaper, it quickly grew to
define a style of journalism based around graphic crime stories, gossip, and
even astrology
- Yellow Journalism
Yellow journalism, or the yellow press, is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched
news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers.
Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering or sensationalism. By extension, the term yellow journalism is used today as a pejorative to decry
any journalism that treats news in an unprofessional or unethical fashion.
Conclusion
Notably in the American media landscape,
news rooms have reduced their staff and covering as traditional media channels.
such as television grapple with declining audiences. for instance between
2007 and 2012, CNN edited its story Packages into nearly half of this original
time length.
This compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition,
as a large majority of respondents in recent studies show changing
Preferences in news consumption. The digital era has also ushers in a new
kind of journalism in which ordinary citizens play a greater role in the
Process of news making
https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=types+of+journalism&*
No comments:
Post a Comment