Tuesday, 22 November 2016
Monday, 7 November 2016
The Future of English: David Graddol
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Name: Gohil Beenba S
Roll no: 14
Paper:
English language teaching
Subject: The
Future of English: David Graddol
E-mail: binagohil1995@gmail.com
Introduction:
The Future of English: is the eaasy by David Graddol. And it
stand vey strong in the fild of english language teaching. Lets throw some
lights on the work of Daavid Graddol. David Graddol is a British linguist ,who has
worked in applied linguistics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, and
history of linguistics. He is perhaps best known for his 1997 book The future of English?, published by the British Council, in which he offers scenarios for how English as a world
language may develop. Most notably, he points out that native speakers of
English are or will soon be outnumbered by those who speak English as a second
or foreign language. Graddol's
views about English as a world language are similar to, though not identical
with, those held by his linguist colleague David Crystal.
This book is about the English
language in the 21st century, about who will speak it and for what
perpose, it is practical breifing documents written for educationist,politicians ,mannagers indeed any desine makers or
planning team with profesional interet
in the development of world wide. The
Future of English? takes stock of the present, apparently unassailable,
position of English in the world and asks whether we can expect its status to
remain unchanged during the coming decades of unprecedented social and economic
global change. The book explores the possible long-term impact on English of developments
in communications technology, growing economic globalisation and major
demographic shifts. The Future of English? Examines the complex mix of material
and cultural trends which will shape the global destiny of the English language
and concludes that the future is more complex and less predictable than has
usually been assumed.
The book is
divided into main sections, each followed by a summary of main points and
references. The section explains how English came to reach its present position
in the world. Section two examines techniques of forecasting, indentures the
patterns which underlie typical linguistic change and describes the way large
corporations have used scenario planning as a strategy for coping with unpredictable
futures. Section three outlines significant global trends which will shape the
social and economic world in the 21st century. Section four discusses the
impacts these trends are already having on language and communication in
everyday life. The last section summarises implications for the English
language and outlines ways in which we might reach a better understanding of
the status which English will hold in the 21st century world. This concluding
section also argues for a reassessment of the role played by British providers
of ELT goods and services in promoting a global brand image for Britain.
Book highlights
· English
and the international economy
· English
and global culture
· A
bilingual future
· Social
value shifts
· Need
for scenario building
There are seven ages of English:
1. Pre-English period ( c. Ad 450)
2. Early Old English (c.450–c.850)
3. Later Old English (c.850–1100)
4. Middle English (c.1100–1450)
5. Early Modern English (c.1450–1750)
6. Modern English (c.1750–1950)
7. Late Modern English (c.1950–)
v
Who speaks English?
There are
three kinds of English speaker: those who speak it as a first language, those
for whom it is a second or additional language and those who learn it as a
foreign language. Native speakers may feel the language ‘belongs’ to them, but
it will be those who speak English as a second or foreign language who will
determine its world future.
v The world
language hierarchy
The English language has changed
substantially in vocabulary and grammatical form – often as a result of contact
with other languages. This has created a hybrid language; vocabulary has been
borrowed from many sources and grammatical structure has changed through
contact with other languages. This may cause problems for learners, but it also
means that speakers of many other languages can recognise features which are
not too dissimilar to characteristics of their own language. Although the structural
properties of English have not hindered the spread of English, the spread of
the language globally cannot be attributed to intrinsic linguistic qualities. There
have been two main historical mechanisms for the spread
of
English. First was the colonial expansion of Britain which
resulted
in settlements of English speakers in many parts of the
world.
This has provided a diasporic base for the language –
which is
probably a key factor in the adoption of a language as a
lingua
franca. In the 20th century, the role of the US has been
more
important than that of Britain and has helped ensure that
the
language is not only at the forefront of scientific and
technical
knowledge, but also leads consumer culture.
The position of
English as a world language may seem to be so entrenched and secure that
agonising over ‘where we are’ and ‘where we are going’ might be regarded as no
more than a fin de siècle indulgence. The end of the 19th century was
characterised by much heart searching over the state of society – evident in
social behaviour and experimentation, fiction, scientific writing and
legislative reform – prompted by a concern at the social consequ- ences of the
industrial revolution. How much greater might be the mood of self-reflection at
the end of a millennium, when the communications revolution and economic
globalisation seem to be destroying the reassu- ring geographical and
linguistic basis of sovereignty and national identity. How many titles of
social and econo-mics books include the word ‘end’ or the prefix ‘post’:The end
of history’, ‘the post-industrial societies’,‘post-modernism’, ‘post-capitalism’,
‘post-feminism’. There is a general awareness of change, but no clear vision of
where it may all be leading. It seems we are not yet living in a new era, but
have fallen off the edge of an old one. There is
no reason to believe that any other language will appear within the next 50
years to replace English as the global lingua franca. The position of English
has arisen from a particular history which no other language can, in the
changed world of the 21st century, repeat.
§ This is language tree.
Conclusion:
There is
an argument that global processes are too complex, too overwhelming in their
momentum and too obscure in their outcomes to permit the activities of a few
people and institutions, even with coherent policies, to make any difference.
David Crystal suggests that the English language may have passed beyond the
scope of any form
of social control. There is a growing appreciation that the business environment
of the next century will require global enterprises to meet three ‘bottom
lines’: economic prosperity, environmental protection and social equity. Public
trust in the institutions and organisations which provide goods and services
may in the future represent a more important component of brand image than the
quality of the product itself. Hence ethical, as well as environmental, values
are likely to come under increasing public scrutiny and significantly influence
customer loyalty. However, one of the problems facing the proponents of an
ethical approach to English teaching is that no one is sure where the moral
high ground lies when it comes to the export of ELT goods and services. English
has for long been seen as a ‘clean’ and safe export, one without some of the
complex moral implications associated with the sale of products such as weapons
or military vehicles. The ELT industry has been portrayed as one which benefits
both producer and consumer and both exporting and importing countries. It has
been a major component in overseas aid as well as a commercial enterprise.
https://www.britishcouncil.jp/sites/default/files/eng-future-of-english-en.pdf
Wednesday, 26 October 2016
Parable and allegory in old man and the sea
Name:
Gohil Beenaba s
paper:
Americal literature
Subject:
Parable and allagory in old man an the sea.
Roll
no: 13
Email
id:binagohil1995@gmail.com
Introduction
Here
we are going to discuss what isparable and what is allegory and how its
work in Old man and the sea by Ernest Hemingway. As we all know that
Hamingway is a renowned writer in American literature and his book Old
man and the sea is Nobel prise winner book. So that here we tries to
find out this both parable and allegory and how its work in old man and
the sea.
"What
is a parable?"
A
parable is, literally, something “cast alongside” something else.
Jesus’ parables were stories that were “cast alongside” a truth
in order to illustrate that truth. His parables were teaching aids
and can be thought of as extended analogies or inspired comparisons.
A common description of a parable is that it is an earthly story with
a heavenly meaning.
| 1. Parable of human struggle / heroism / heroic impulse |
2.
Parable of Youth and age:
|
3.
Parable of Christianity and Christ
|
4.
Parable of artists struggle with art
|
5.
Parable of personal experience
|
·
A
parable is one of the simplest of
narratives.
It sketches a
setting,
describes an
action,
and shows the
results.
It often involves a character facing a
moral
dilemma,
or making a questionable
decision
and
then suffering the
consequences.
As with a
fable,
a parable generally relates a single, simple, consistent action,
without extraneous detail or distracting circumstances.
Hemingway's
novel emphasize on what men cannot do,and the world's limitations
,crualities or builtin evil.hemingway's figure are oftan religious
but their religion is peripheral rather than central to their lives.
| youth | old |
|---|---|
|
·
Youth
has belief in hard work and luck….
·
Youth
is looking forward towards future with aspiration and ambition…
|
·
Old
has created disbelief in hard work and luck…
·
Old
is looking backward – to its past exploits and adventures…
(arm-wrestling; dreams of lions)
·
·
Old
man thinks he is salao
– the
worst form of unlucky.
|
·
The
mother returns almost from the verge of death in giving birth to a
child – similarly, the creative artist dies several deaths in
creating a work of literature…
·
He
has mammoth task to convert the brazen world of reality into golden
world with the power of his imagination.
·
Old
man is an artist – his mastery in fishing skills represents
artist’s mastery…
·
His
struggle with sea and fish – the natural objects is – artist’s
struggle with life experiences, and the emotions and feelings
affected by such experiences…
·
His
‘going too far’ is – artist’s exercising his imagination…
·
His
control over marlin – the beautiful, noble fish is – his creation
– beautiful and noble…
The
importance of the parables can hardly be overestimated. They comprise
a substantial part of the recorded preaching of Jesus. The parables
are generally regarded by scholars as among the sayings which we can
confidently ascribe to the historical Jesus; they are, for the most
part, authentic words of Jesus. Moreover, all of the great themes of
Jesus' preaching are struck in the parables.Jesus' parables are short
stories that teach a moral or spiritual lesson by analogy or
similarity. They are often stories based on the agricultural life
that was intimately familiar to His original first century audience.
Some aspect of an unfamiliar concept, such as the kingdom of God, was
compared to something from everyday life that could easily be
understood.
The Parable of the Sower
The Parable of the Mustard Seed
The Parable of the Wheat and the Weeds
The Parable of the Lost Sheep
Allegory
As
a literary
device, an allegory
in its most general sense is an extended metaphor.
Allegory
has been used widely throughout history in all forms of art,
largely because it can readily illustrate complex ideas and concepts
in ways that are comprehensible or striking to its viewers, readers,
or listeners.
Writers
or speakers typically use allegories as literary
devices or as rhetorical
devices that convey hidden meanings through symbolic
figures, actions, imagery, and/or events, which together create the
moral, spiritual, or political meaning the author wishes to convey.Plato's Allegory of the Cave,
George Orwell – Animal Farm:
Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter:
The old Man and
sea’denotes moral and religious ideas before reader. This novel is
the best example of parable. We can not ignore the hidden
meaning of ‘the old and the sea’. At first the novel seems about
the sea, fishermen and fish.
The
giant marlin stands for a distant goal of life for human being. The
journey towards the goal causes much distress and much pain. His
wounded hands symbolize the rebuffs suffered by a man in the course
of his efforts. The long and strong resistance shows that it is easy
to get high ideals of life. The old man wins a victory over the
marline by means of will power, technique and strategy. The memories,
the thoughts of Dimaggio and manolin, African beaches and his own
wrestling defeating a Negro have symbolic significance. All these
represent that man is ever alone but he has to fight the battle of
life alone: As the old man is alone he has not caught any fish
for 84 days. He is still hope full and optimist. He behaves in his
own abilities. He thinks that eighty five is the lucky number. He
knows that he is not strong for fishing. But he believes in his own
tricks and resolution. He never thinks about dreams or defeat. He
dreams of youth and lions. In the worst moments of misery, he
remembers his heroic fight against the Negro. He looks for spiritual
help and promises to say “our fathers and “Hail Mary’s”.
Several times he also invokes the help of Virgin. He remembers his
heroic fight against the Negro in the moment of his own suffering.
There
is a close parallel between Santiago, his Marlin, and the sharks on
the one hand, and Hemingway, his fiction, and the critics on the
other. According to Mark Scholar, this novel is not only a
moral fable but a parable:
“It
is an old man catching a fish, yes: but it is also a great artist in
the act of mastering his subject a fish, yes; but it is also a
great artist in the act of mastering his subject, and more than that
of actually writing about the struggle. Nothing is more
important than his craft, and it is beloved; but because it must be
struggled with and mastered, it is also a foe I enemy to all self –
indulgence, to all looseness of feeling, all laxness of style, all
soft pomposities.”
Difference
between allagory,fable and perable:
In
this chart this green colour stands for allgory and orrange is for
perable and the thirdon yellow is for fable. Fable is use for animle
as a characters nd perable is for humans as character. This is the
major difference between fable and prable. Where as allagory includes
both fable and perable as well.
This is all about allgory
fable in the old man and the sea frommy side.ss
Introduction
Here
we are going to discuss wht id parable and wht id allgory and how its
work in Old man and the sea by Ernest Hemingway. As we all know that
Hamingway is a renowed writer in American literatureand his book Old
man andthe sea is Nobel prise wiiner book. So that here we tries to
find uot this both parableandallagory and how itswork in old man and
the sea.
"What
is a parable?"
A
parable is, literally, something “cast alongside” something else.
Jesus’ parables were stories that were “cast alongside” a truth
in order to illustrate that truth. His parables were teaching aids
and can be thought of as extended analogies or inspired comparisons.
A common description of a parable is that it is an earthly story with
a heavenly meaning.
| 1. Parable of human struggle / heroism / heroic impulse |
2.
Parable of Youth and age:
|
3.
Parable of Christianity and Christ
|
4.
Parable of artists struggle with art
|
5.
Parable of personal experience
|
·
A
parable is one of the simplest of
narratives.
It sketches a
setting,
describes an
action,
and shows the
results.
It often involves a character facing a
moral
dilemma,
or making a questionable
decision
and
then suffering the
consequences.
As with a
fable,
a parable generally relates a single, simple, consistent action,
without extraneous detail or distracting circumstances.
Hemingway's
novel emphisize on what men cannot do,and the world's limitations
,crualities or builtin evil.hemingway's figure are oftan religious
but their religion is peripheral rather than central to their lives.
| youth | old |
|---|---|
|
·
Youth
has belief in hard work and luck….
·
Youth
is looking forward towards future with aspiration and ambition…
|
·
Old
has created disbelief in hard work and luck…
·
Old
is looking backward – to its past exploits and adventures…
(arm-wrestling; dreams of lions)
·
·
Old
man thinks he is salao
– the
worst form of unlucky.
|
·
The
mother returns almost from the verge of death in giving birth to a
child – similarly, the creative artist dies several deaths in
creating a work of literature…
·
He
has mammoth task to convert the brazen world of reality into golden
world with the power of his imagination.
·
Old
man is an artist – his mastery in fishing skills represents
artist’s mastery…
·
His
struggle with sea and fish – the natural objects is – artist’s
struggle with life experiences, and the emotions and feelings
affected by such experiences…
·
His
‘going too far’ is – artist’s exercising his imagination…
·
His
control over marlin – the beautiful, noble fish is – his creation
– beautiful and noble…
The
importance of the parables can hardly be overestimated. They comprise
a substantial part of the recorded preaching of Jesus. The parables
are generally regarded by scholars as among the sayings which we can
confidently ascribe to the historical Jesus; they are, for the most
part, authentic words of Jesus. Moreover, all of the great themes of
Jesus' preaching are struck in the parables.Jesus' parables are short
stories that teach a moral or spiritual lesson by analogy or
similarity. They are often stories based on the agricultural life
that was intimately familiar to His original first century audience.
Some aspect of an unfamiliar concept, such as the kingdom of God, was
compared to something from everyday life that could easily be
understood.
The Parable of the Sower
The Parable of the Mustard Seed
The Parable of the Wheat and the Weeds
The Parable of the Lost Sheep
Allegory
As
a literary
device, an allegory
in its most general sense is an extended metaphor.
Allegory
has been used widely throughout history in all forms of art,
largely because it can readily illustrate complex ideas and concepts
in ways that are comprehensible or striking to its viewers, readers,
or listeners.
Writers
or speakers typically use allegories as literary
devices or as rhetorical
devices that convey hidden meanings through symbolic
figures, actions, imagery, and/or events, which together create the
moral, spiritual, or political meaning the author wishes to convey.Plato's Allegory of the Cave,
George Orwell – Animal Farm:
Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter:
The old Man and
sea’denotes moral and religious ideas before reader. This novel is
the best example of parable. We can not ignore the hidden
meaning of ‘the old and the sea’. At first the novel seems about
the sea, fishermen and fish.
The
giant marlin stands for a distant goal of life for human being. The
journey towards the goal causes much distress and much pain. His
wounded hands symbolize the rebuffs suffered by a man in the course
of his efforts. The long and strong resistance shows that it is easy
to get high ideals of life. The old man wins a victory over the
marline by means of will power, technique and strategy. The memories,
the thoughts of Dimaggio and manolin, African beaches and his own
wrestling defeating a Negro have symbolic significance. All these
represent that man is ever alone but he has to fight the battle of
life alone: As the old man is alone he has not caught any fish
for 84 days. He is still hope full and optimist. He behaves in his
own abilities. He thinks that eighty five is the lucky number. He
knows that he is not strong for fishing. But he believes in his own
tricks and resolution. He never thinks about dreams or defeat. He
dreams of youth and lions. In the worst moments of misery, he
remembers his heroic fight against the Negro. He looks for spiritual
help and promises to say “our fathers and “Hail Mary’s”.
Several times he also invokes the help of Virgin. He remembers his
heroic fight against the Negro in the moment of his own suffering.
There
is a close parallel between Santiago, his Marlin, and the sharks on
the one hand, and Hemingway, his fiction, and the critics on the
other. According to Mark Scholar, this novel is not only a
moral fable but a parable:
“It
is an old man catching a fish, yes: but it is also a great artist in
the act of mastering his subject a fish, yes; but it is also a
great artist in the act of mastering his subject, and more than that
of actually writing about the struggle. Nothing is more
important than his craft, and it is beloved; but because it must be
struggled with and mastered, it is also a foe I enemy to all self –
indulgence, to all looseness of feeling, all laxness of style, all
soft pomposities.”
Difference
between allagory,fable and perable:
In
this chart this green colour stands for allgory and orrange is for
perable and the thirdon yellow is for fable. Fable is use for animle
as a characters nd perable is for humans as character. This is the
major difference between fable and prable. Where as allagory includes
both fable and perable as well.
This is all about allgory
fable in the old man and the sea frommy side.ss
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