Sunday, 2 April 2017

Harry potter and the purity of blood

Roll No: 13
Paper: New Literature
Subject: Harry potter and the purity of blood
Submitted to: Department of English, M K Bhavnagar University. Bhavanagr.



Introduction

There are three types of category of blood.
1.       Pure blood
2.       Half-pure blood
3.       Mud-blood

Ø  If mother and father both are witch and wizards than the child is considered as pure blood.
Ø  If one of the parent is mugle and one of the parent is wizard than the child is half-pure blood.
Ø  If both mother and father is not wizard but mugle than the child is considered as mud-blood.
Ø   

            Blood status, also called purity of blood, is a concept in the wizarding world that distinguishes between family trees that have different levels of magically-endowed members. It often results in prejudice towards those who have a large number of Muggles in their families. Wizarding society in general considers itself apart from and superior to Muggle society, which is not connected with magic. As Sirius Black informed Harry Potter, almost all wizards of their time have Muggles in their family trees, though some claim not to. The concept played a key role in both the First and Second Wizarding Wars. In truth, pure-blood families have ceased to exist during the 1900s
Mud blood
Mud blood’s a really foul name for someone who is Muggle-born — you know, non-magic parents. There are some wizards — like Malfoy's family — who think they're better than everyone else because they're what people call pure-blood… I mean, the rest of us know it doesn't make any difference at all."
—
 Those born to Muggle families, but who are skilled with and have the magic gene are referred to as Muggle-borns. A child born with magic to two Muggle parents is considered a Muggle-born. In wizarding Britain, they are allowed to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, although some other schools, such as Durmstrang Institute, only admit students with wizarding heritage. Salazar Slytherin fell out of favour with the other Founders of Hogwarts because he wanted to limit attendance on the same grounds.
Those with prejudice against Muggles and their families often refer to such wizards as "Mudbloods," a highly offensive term implying that the individual has dirty and inferior blood. Those who discriminate against Muggle-borns believe that they do not deserve magic and should be excluded from the wizarding world, in spite of the fact that Muggle-borns are just as magically talented as those of other blood statuses.

        When the Ministry of Magic fell under the indirect control of Lord Voldemort during the Second Wizarding War, it began distributing propaganda against "Mudbloods" under the authorship of Dolores Umbridge. Muggle-borns were also forced to register with the Ministry's Muggle-Born Registration Commission, which accused Muggle-borns of having stolen their wands and sentenced them to Azkaban .This ended once Voldemort was defeated and the Ministry was reformed.
Half-bloods
         Wizards with families split between Muggles and wizards are referred to as half-bloods. Due to the dominance of the magic gene, children born to at least one magical parent will usually be magical themselves, meaning that a non-magical child born to a Muggle and a wizard is considered a Squib, not a Muggle.   The term 'half-blood' is misleading in that it does not necessarily imply a half-and-half split in wizarding/Muggle ancestry, but rather any witch or wizard with both wizarding and Muggle heritage. By the 1990s, most of the magical population were half-bloods.

Both Harry Potter and Tom Riddle (now Lord Voldemort) are half-bloods. Harry taunted the Death Eaters with this in the Department of Mysteries to stall for time 

   The children of Harry and Ginny Potter are considered half-bloods because although Ginny is pure-blood, Harry's parentage is pure-blood father, Muggle-born mother.
The term can be an insult, depending on the context in which it is used. Walburga Black, for instance, was a fervent believer in pure-blood supremacy and her portrait at 12 Grimmauld Place often screamed "filthy half-bloods" and other insults at passers-by somewhat indiscriminately, which points to the mania surrounding blood purity. Bellatrix Lestrange was also known to have insulted Harry Potter and Severus Snape on the basis of their half-blood heritage.
Some half-bloods also express prejudice against those with Muggle ancestry, despite having it themselves, often clinging to what wizarding heritage they do have. Lord Voldemort, the son of a pure-blood witch, Merope Gaunt and a Muggle Tom Riddle Snr, epitomises this. He hated Muggles and Muggle-borns and held his status as the Heir of Slytherin in great esteem.


Pure-bloods
       Pure-bloods are wizards and witches with a family tree devoid of Muggle members, or at least, they have convinced themselves of this by removing any non-pure-bloods from their family trees. At the very least, one must have all magical grandparents to be considered pure-blood, though extremists would require no known Muggle ancestors. Thus, some would consider the children of Harry and Ginny Potter to be pure-bloods because all four of their grandparents — James and Lily Potter, as well as Arthur and Molly Weasley — were wizards and witches. Others, however, would consider them half-bloods because their paternal grandmother was Muggle-born, thus they have known Muggle ancestry.

Many pure-bloods consider themselves to be akin to royalty in the wizarding world, or at the very least the elite. They often disdain those of different blood status and Muggles, some even arguing that Muggle-borns should not be admitted into the wizarding world. The Death Eater organisation took this philosophy to an extreme, striving to eliminate Muggle-borns altogether.
To be pure-blood is an uncommon trait and their numbers continue to decline over time. There appears to be a continuous stream of new families entering the wizarding world as children from non-wizarding backgrounds with magical ability and as a result, those with long pure-blood lines are relatively rare. To maintain their "pure-blood pedigree", families such as the House of Black and the House of Gaunt have practised inbreeding, accounting for the mental instability of certain family members. Those same families tend to disown members who accept Muggles or Muggle-born wizards into their lives. These family members would be deemed "blood traitors". For instance, the Blacks commonly blasted these relatives of the family tree tapestry.
For Example : Malfoy is a pure blood and he believe in supremacy.
 pure-blood families:
  • Black family (now died out with the death of Sirius Black)
  • Crouch family (now died out with the deaths of Barty Crouch Sr. and Jr.)
  • Gaunt family
  • Lestrange family (married into by Bellatrix Black)
  • Longbottom family (Neville)
  • Malfoy family (Lucius - Draco)
  • Weasley family
Conclusion
               In every series of Harry potter we find that there is a something about purity of blood. Harmonie is mud-blood and so that Malfoy torches her every time about her muggle parents. Pure blood considered themselves superior than mud-blood and half blood. The protagonist Harry potter is also half blood. Whereas Ronald weasly is pure blood. Voldmort hate  mud blood and half boold. His hate becomes so violent that he kills his parents also. He himself not pure blood.  Voldmort kills one professior of Hogwart who taught the subject of muggle and purity of blood and she believes that there is nothing superior or inferior.
           Harry potter’s mother is also mud-blood. And she is very good in witchcrafts and wizardry. Hermonie is also example of that, it is shows that  witchcrafts and wizardry is not genetic. In the book Ron says that witches are existing just because they marry with mud or hafd blood.



    


Monday, 7 November 2016

The Future of English: David Graddol


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        Name: Gohil Beenba S
Roll no: 14
Paper: English language teaching
Subject: The Future of English: David Graddol









Introduction:
     The Future of English:  is the eaasy by David Graddol. And it stand vey strong in the fild of english language teaching. Lets throw some lights on the work of Daavid Graddol. David Graddol is a British linguist ,who has worked in applied linguistics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, and history of linguistics. He is perhaps best known for his 1997 book The future of English?, published by the British Council, in which he offers scenarios for how English as a world language may develop. Most notably, he points out that native speakers of English are or will soon be outnumbered by those who speak English as a second or foreign language. Graddol's views about English as a world language are similar to, though not identical with, those held by his linguist colleague David Crystal.



Future of English by David Graddol:

      

This book is about the English language in the 21st century, about who will speak it and for what perpose, it is practical  breifing  documents written for educationist,politicians  ,mannagers indeed any desine makers or planning  team with profesional interet in the development of world wide.  The Future of English? takes stock of the present, apparently unassailable, position of English in the world and asks whether we can expect its status to remain unchanged during the coming decades of unprecedented social and economic global change. The book explores the possible long-term impact on English of developments in communications technology, growing economic globalisation and major demographic shifts. The Future of English? Examines the complex mix of material and cultural trends which will shape the global destiny of the English language and concludes that the future is more complex and less predictable than has usually been assumed.
                 The book is divided into main sections, each followed by a summary of main points and references. The section explains how English came to reach its present position in the world. Section two examines techniques of forecasting, indentures the patterns which underlie typical linguistic change and describes the way large corporations have used scenario planning as a strategy for coping with unpredictable futures. Section three outlines significant global trends which will shape the social and economic world in the 21st century. Section four discusses the impacts these trends are already having on language and communication in everyday life. The last section summarises implications for the English language and outlines ways in which we might reach a better understanding of the status which English will hold in the 21st century world. This concluding section also argues for a reassessment of the role played by British providers of ELT goods and services in promoting a global brand image for Britain.

Book highlights
·       English and the international economy
·       English and global culture
·       A bilingual future
·       Social value shifts
·       Need for scenario building

  There are seven ages of English:
1.     Pre-English period (  c. Ad 450)
2.  Early Old English (c.450–c.850)
3.  Later Old English (c.850–1100)
4.  Middle English (c.1100–1450)
5.  Early Modern English (c.1450–1750)
6.  Modern English (c.1750–1950)
7.  Late Modern English (c.1950–)


v Who speaks English?
   
There are three kinds of English speaker: those who speak it as a first language, those for whom it is a second or additional language and those who learn it as a foreign language. Native speakers may feel the language ‘belongs’ to them, but it will be those who speak English as a second or foreign language who will determine its world future.


 





v The world language hierarchy





      The English language has changed substantially in vocabulary and grammatical form – often as a result of contact with other languages. This has created a hybrid language; vocabulary has been borrowed from many sources and grammatical structure has changed through contact with other languages. This may cause problems for learners, but it also means that speakers of many other languages can recognise features which are not too dissimilar to characteristics of their own language. Although the structural properties of English have not hindered the spread of English, the spread of the language globally cannot be attributed to intrinsic linguistic qualities. There have been two main historical mechanisms for the spread
of English. First was the colonial expansion of Britain which
resulted in settlements of English speakers in many parts of the
world. This has provided a diasporic base for the language –
which is probably a key factor in the adoption of a language as a
lingua franca. In the 20th century, the role of the US has been
more important than that of Britain and has helped ensure that
the language is not only at the forefront of scientific and
technical knowledge, but also leads consumer culture.


             The position of English as a world language may seem to be so entrenched and secure that agonising over ‘where we are’ and ‘where we are going’ might be regarded as no more than a fin de siècle indulgence. The end of the 19th century was characterised by much heart searching over the state of society – evident in social behaviour and experimentation, fiction, scientific writing and legislative reform – prompted by a concern at the social consequ- ences of the industrial revolution. How much greater might be the mood of self-reflection at the end of a millennium, when the communications revolution and economic globalisation seem to be destroying the reassu- ring geographical and linguistic basis of sovereignty and national identity. How many titles of social and econo-mics books include the word ‘end’ or the prefix ‘post’:The end of history’, ‘the post-industrial societies’,‘post-modernism’, ‘post-capitalism’, ‘post-feminism’. There is a general awareness of change, but no clear vision of where it may all be leading. It seems we are not yet living in a new era, but have fallen off the edge of an old one. There is no reason to believe that any other language will appear within the next 50 years to replace English as the global lingua franca. The position of English has arisen from a particular history which no other language can, in the changed world of the 21st century, repeat.
§  This is language tree.
Conclusion:
There is an argument that global processes are too complex, too overwhelming in their momentum and too obscure in their outcomes to permit the activities of a few people and institutions, even with coherent policies, to make any difference. David Crystal suggests that the English language may have passed beyond the scope of any form
of social control. There is a growing appreciation that the business environment of the next century will require global enterprises to meet three ‘bottom lines’: economic prosperity, environmental protection and social equity. Public trust in the institutions and organisations which provide goods and services may in the future represent a more important component of brand image than the quality of the product itself. Hence ethical, as well as environmental, values are likely to come under increasing public scrutiny and significantly influence customer loyalty. However, one of the problems facing the proponents of an ethical approach to English teaching is that no one is sure where the moral high ground lies when it comes to the export of ELT goods and services. English has for long been seen as a ‘clean’ and safe export, one without some of the complex moral implications associated with the sale of products such as weapons or military vehicles. The ELT industry has been portrayed as one which benefits both producer and consumer and both exporting and importing countries. It has been a major component in overseas aid as well as a commercial enterprise.













https://www.britishcouncil.jp/sites/default/files/eng-future-of-english-en.pdf

Wednesday, 26 October 2016

Parable and allegory in old man and the sea


     

Name: Gohil Beenaba s
paper: Americal literature
Subject: Parable and allagory in old man an the sea.
Roll no: 13






































Introduction

Here we are going to discuss what isparable and what is allegory and how its work in Old man and the sea by Ernest Hemingway. As we all know that Hamingway is a renowned writer in American literature and his book Old man and the sea is Nobel prise winner book. So that here we tries to find out this both parable and allegory and how its work in old man and the sea. 
 

"What is a parable?"
A parable is, literally, something “cast alongside” something else. Jesus’ parables were stories that were “cast alongside” a truth in order to illustrate that truth. His parables were teaching aids and can be thought of as extended analogies or inspired comparisons. A common description of a parable is that it is an earthly story with a heavenly meaning.

1.  Parable of human struggle / heroism / heroic impulse
2.  Parable of Youth and age:
3.  Parable of Christianity and Christ
4.  Parable of artists struggle with art
5.     Parable of personal experience

·     A parable is one of the simplest of narratives. It sketches a setting, describes an action, and shows the results. It often involves a character facing a moral dilemma, or making a questionable decision and then suffering the consequences. As with a fable, a parable generally relates a single, simple, consistent action, without extraneous detail or distracting circumstances.


Hemingway's novel emphasize on what men cannot do,and the world's limitations ,crualities or builtin evil.hemingway's figure are oftan religious but their religion is peripheral rather than central to their lives. 
 

youth old
Youth has hope, faith, energy….
·      Youth has belief in hard work and luck….
·      Youth is looking forward towards future with aspiration and ambition…




Old has become skeptic towards hope and faith; lack of physical energy leads to mental weakness…
·      Old has created disbelief in hard work and luck…
·      Old is looking backward – to its past exploits and adventures… (arm-wrestling; dreams of lions)



·     
·      Old man thinks he is salao – the worst form of unlucky.



To create a work of art is compared to giving birth to a child…
·      The mother returns almost from the verge of death in giving birth to a child – similarly, the creative artist dies several deaths in creating a work of literature…
·      He has mammoth task to convert the brazen world of reality into golden world with the power of his imagination.
·      Old man is an artist – his mastery in fishing skills represents artist’s mastery…
·      His struggle with sea and fish – the natural objects is – artist’s struggle with life experiences, and the emotions and feelings affected by such experiences…
·      His ‘going too far’ is – artist’s exercising his imagination…
·      His control over marlin – the beautiful, noble fish is – his creation – beautiful and noble…

The importance of the parables can hardly be overestimated. They comprise a substantial part of the recorded preaching of Jesus. The parables are generally regarded by scholars as among the sayings which we can confidently ascribe to the historical Jesus; they are, for the most part, authentic words of Jesus. Moreover, all of the great themes of Jesus' preaching are struck in the parables.Jesus' parables are short stories that teach a moral or spiritual lesson by analogy or similarity. They are often stories based on the agricultural life that was intimately familiar to His original first century audience. Some aspect of an unfamiliar concept, such as the kingdom of God, was compared to something from everyday life that could easily be understood.

The Parable of the Sower

The Parable of the Mustard Seed

The Parable of the Wheat and the Weeds

The Parable of the Lost Sheep



Allegory

 

As a literary device, an allegory in its most general sense is an extended metaphor. Allegory has been used widely throughout history in all forms of art, largely because it can readily illustrate complex ideas and concepts in ways that are comprehensible or striking to its viewers, readers, or listeners.
Writers or speakers typically use allegories as literary devices or as rhetorical devices that convey hidden meanings through symbolic figures, actions, imagery, and/or events, which together create the moral, spiritual, or political meaning the author wishes to convey.
Plato's Allegory of the Cave,
George Orwell – Animal Farm:
Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter:

The old Man and sea’denotes moral and religious ideas before reader. This novel is the best example of parable.  We can not ignore the hidden meaning of ‘the old and the sea’. At first the novel seems about the sea, fishermen and fish.

The giant marlin stands for a distant goal of life for human being. The journey towards the goal causes much distress and much pain. His wounded hands symbolize the rebuffs suffered by a man in the course of his efforts. The long and strong resistance shows that it is easy to get high ideals of life. The old man wins a victory over the marline by means of will power, technique and strategy. The memories, the thoughts of Dimaggio and manolin, African beaches and his own wrestling defeating a Negro have symbolic significance. All these represent that man is ever alone but he has to fight the battle of life alone:  As the old man is alone he has not caught any fish for 84 days. He is still hope full and optimist. He behaves in his own abilities. He thinks that eighty five is the lucky number. He knows that he is not strong for fishing. But he believes in his own tricks and resolution. He never thinks about dreams or defeat. He dreams of youth and lions. In the worst moments of misery, he remembers his heroic fight against the Negro. He looks for spiritual help and promises to say “our fathers and “Hail Mary’s”. Several times he also invokes the help of Virgin. He remembers his heroic fight against the Negro in the moment of his own suffering.
There is a close parallel between Santiago, his Marlin, and the sharks on the one hand, and Hemingway, his fiction, and the critics on the other.  According to Mark Scholar, this novel is not only a moral fable but a parable:

“It is an old man catching a fish, yes: but it is also a great artist in the act of  mastering his subject a fish, yes; but it is also a great artist in the act of mastering his subject, and more than that of actually writing about the struggle.  Nothing is more important than his craft, and it is beloved; but because it must be struggled with and mastered, it is also a foe I enemy to all self – indulgence, to all looseness of feeling, all laxness of style, all soft pomposities.”



Difference between allagory,fable and perable:










In this chart this green colour stands for allgory and orrange is for perable and the thirdon yellow is for fable. Fable is use for animle as a characters nd perable is for humans as character. This is the major difference between fable and prable. Where as allagory includes both fable and perable as well.


This is all about allgory fable in the old man and the sea frommy side.ss












































Introduction
Here we are going to discuss wht id parable and wht id allgory and how its work in Old man and the sea by Ernest Hemingway. As we all know that Hamingway is a renowed writer in American literatureand his book Old man andthe sea is Nobel prise wiiner book. So that here we tries to find uot this both parableandallagory and how itswork in old man and the sea.

"What is a parable?"
A parable is, literally, something “cast alongside” something else. Jesus’ parables were stories that were “cast alongside” a truth in order to illustrate that truth. His parables were teaching aids and can be thought of as extended analogies or inspired comparisons. A common description of a parable is that it is an earthly story with a heavenly meaning.

1.  Parable of human struggle / heroism / heroic impulse
2.  Parable of Youth and age:
3.  Parable of Christianity and Christ
4.  Parable of artists struggle with art
5.     Parable of personal experience

·     A parable is one of the simplest of narratives. It sketches a setting, describes an action, and shows the results. It often involves a character facing a moral dilemma, or making a questionable decision and then suffering the consequences. As with a fable, a parable generally relates a single, simple, consistent action, without extraneous detail or distracting circumstances.


Hemingway's novel emphisize on what men cannot do,and the world's limitations ,crualities or builtin evil.hemingway's figure are oftan religious but their religion is peripheral rather than central to their lives.

youth old
Youth has hope, faith, energy….
·      Youth has belief in hard work and luck….
·      Youth is looking forward towards future with aspiration and ambition…




Old has become skeptic towards hope and faith; lack of physical energy leads to mental weakness…
·      Old has created disbelief in hard work and luck…
·      Old is looking backward – to its past exploits and adventures… (arm-wrestling; dreams of lions)



·     
·      Old man thinks he is salao – the worst form of unlucky.



To create a work of art is compared to giving birth to a child…
·      The mother returns almost from the verge of death in giving birth to a child – similarly, the creative artist dies several deaths in creating a work of literature…
·      He has mammoth task to convert the brazen world of reality into golden world with the power of his imagination.
·      Old man is an artist – his mastery in fishing skills represents artist’s mastery…
·      His struggle with sea and fish – the natural objects is – artist’s struggle with life experiences, and the emotions and feelings affected by such experiences…
·      His ‘going too far’ is – artist’s exercising his imagination…
·      His control over marlin – the beautiful, noble fish is – his creation – beautiful and noble…

The importance of the parables can hardly be overestimated. They comprise a substantial part of the recorded preaching of Jesus. The parables are generally regarded by scholars as among the sayings which we can confidently ascribe to the historical Jesus; they are, for the most part, authentic words of Jesus. Moreover, all of the great themes of Jesus' preaching are struck in the parables.Jesus' parables are short stories that teach a moral or spiritual lesson by analogy or similarity. They are often stories based on the agricultural life that was intimately familiar to His original first century audience. Some aspect of an unfamiliar concept, such as the kingdom of God, was compared to something from everyday life that could easily be understood.

The Parable of the Sower

The Parable of the Mustard Seed

The Parable of the Wheat and the Weeds

The Parable of the Lost Sheep



Allegory

As a literary device, an allegory in its most general sense is an extended metaphor. Allegory has been used widely throughout history in all forms of art, largely because it can readily illustrate complex ideas and concepts in ways that are comprehensible or striking to its viewers, readers, or listeners.
Writers or speakers typically use allegories as literary devices or as rhetorical devices that convey hidden meanings through symbolic figures, actions, imagery, and/or events, which together create the moral, spiritual, or political meaning the author wishes to convey.
Plato's Allegory of the Cave,
George Orwell – Animal Farm:
Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter:

The old Man and sea’denotes moral and religious ideas before reader. This novel is the best example of parable.  We can not ignore the hidden meaning of ‘the old and the sea’. At first the novel seems about the sea, fishermen and fish.

The giant marlin stands for a distant goal of life for human being. The journey towards the goal causes much distress and much pain. His wounded hands symbolize the rebuffs suffered by a man in the course of his efforts. The long and strong resistance shows that it is easy to get high ideals of life. The old man wins a victory over the marline by means of will power, technique and strategy. The memories, the thoughts of Dimaggio and manolin, African beaches and his own wrestling defeating a Negro have symbolic significance. All these represent that man is ever alone but he has to fight the battle of life alone:  As the old man is alone he has not caught any fish for 84 days. He is still hope full and optimist. He behaves in his own abilities. He thinks that eighty five is the lucky number. He knows that he is not strong for fishing. But he believes in his own tricks and resolution. He never thinks about dreams or defeat. He dreams of youth and lions. In the worst moments of misery, he remembers his heroic fight against the Negro. He looks for spiritual help and promises to say “our fathers and “Hail Mary’s”. Several times he also invokes the help of Virgin. He remembers his heroic fight against the Negro in the moment of his own suffering.
There is a close parallel between Santiago, his Marlin, and the sharks on the one hand, and Hemingway, his fiction, and the critics on the other.  According to Mark Scholar, this novel is not only a moral fable but a parable:

“It is an old man catching a fish, yes: but it is also a great artist in the act of  mastering his subject a fish, yes; but it is also a great artist in the act of mastering his subject, and more than that of actually writing about the struggle.  Nothing is more important than his craft, and it is beloved; but because it must be struggled with and mastered, it is also a foe I enemy to all self – indulgence, to all looseness of feeling, all laxness of style, all soft pomposities.”



Difference between allagory,fable and perable:










In this chart this green colour stands for allgory and orrange is for perable and the thirdon yellow is for fable. Fable is use for animle as a characters nd perable is for humans as character. This is the major difference between fable and prable. Where as allagory includes both fable and perable as well.


This is all about allgory fable in the old man and the sea frommy side.ss